James’ phrase servant of God has a dual background. It certainly reflects the sociological understanding of the identity of a doulos, one who stood in a relationship of service to another. But as a traditional Jewish Christian, James must also have seen himself among Israel’s other servants of God. This title placed him in the company of Moses, the servant of God (Num 12:7); God’s servants the prophets (Jer 7:25; 25:4); and Isaiah’s servant of Yahweh (52:13–53:12). James’ identification of himself
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